Identification of culturable microbial functional groups isolated from the rhizosphere of four species of mangroves and their biotechnological potential

This study identified microbial functional groups like total culturable bacteria, potential N₂-fixing free living bacteria, N₂-fixing hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, N-assimilating hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, total fungi, actinobacteria, P-solubilizers, lipolytic microorganisms, and starch, cellulose, pectin and protein degrading microorganisms, isolated from the rhizosphere of four species of mangroves (Red, Black, White, and Button) from the natural protected area at the Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, México. Overall, microbial populations showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the four mangrove species. The rhizosphere of White mangrove showed better chemical and textural soil properties, and harbored the highest microbial populations when compared to the remaining mangrove species. The principal component analysis indicated that two components accounted the 85.3% of the total variation. The most significant textural and chemical soil properties were the major components, CP1 (organic matter and total organic carbon) and CP2 (sand and clay). Microbial populations correlated (P < 0.05, Pearson coefficient) with sand and clay particles, and with some soil chemical properties such as organic matter. The total nitrogen and organic carbon significantly correlated with cellulose degraders, while phosphorus with N₂-fixing bacteria, total fungi, and with pectin and starch degraders.     

Effects of shrimp pond water on phytoplankton: importance of salinity and trophic status of the receiving environment

Aquaculture generates a large load of effluents rich in organic matter and nutrients that may be introduced into the environment. This study aimed to assess in a microcosm experiment, the effect of shrimp pond water mixed with Patos Lagoon estuary water on phytoplankton chlorophyll a and primary production, simulating two salinities. Chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic nutrients and primary production were measured in two experiments. In Harvest I, salinity of shrimp pond and environment water was similar, and chlorophyll a showed different trends over time, according to the amount of nitrogen available. In Harvest II, with different salinities and high nutrient concentrations in environment water, chlorophyll a levels showed a similar increasing trend over time in all mixtures. Net primary production showed differences among treatments in the first sampling in Harvest I, but not in the second, whereas no differences were observed among treatments in Harvest II. We conclude that shrimp pond effluent can lead to short‐term variations in chlorophyll a and primary production levels, with similar salinities. Salinity differences result in lower chlorophyll a and primary production values than expected according to the nutrient input. Differences in salinity can be an important management strategy to choose the best harvest period.     

The assessment of sediment screening risk in Venice Lagoon and other coastal areas using international sediment quality guidelines

Background, Aims and Scope  A number of studies carried out in recent years have shown the presence of a wide range of contaminants in the Venice Lagoon. It is important to have a good understanding of the ecological quality of Venice Lagoon sediments, in order to: i) define and locate areas where a threat to the environment is present and therefore an intervention is needed (i.e. in situ assessment and management); and ii) define sustainable and environmentally correct ways of managing sediments which are to be dredged for navigational purposes or in relation to other interventions (i.e., ex situ management). Methods  To examine how various regional and international SQGs ‘classed’ screening risk in Venice Lagoon sediments, data on median contaminant levels in surface sediments in Venice Lagoon resulting from a literature review were compared to a range of local and international sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Then data on sediment contaminant levels in various areas and sub-basins of Venice Lagoon (main Lagoon, Porto Marghera and Venice City Canals) and in other regional and international transitional and coastal ecosystems with various levels of human impact (urbanization and industrialization) were evaluated based upon a selected consensus-based SQG. Finally, screening sediment quality for all of Venice Lagoon was mapped and contoured, relative to this consensus-based SQG and briefly compared with direct toxicity measurement through a battery of bioassays. Results  SQGs allow the sediment areas to be put in terms of potential, or screening, risk. Although there were some differences depending upon which specific SQGs were applied, the Venice SQGs and other international SQGs provided the same general picture of screening risk in Venice Lagoon despite geographic differences. Venice Lagoon South has the lowest screening risk levels, Venice Lagoon Central/North has the highest (and is nearest to the Porto Marghera and Venice City Canals sites). Discussion  The Venice Lagoon sediments have hazard quotients on the low end of the range of moderately urbanized and industrialized sites and higher than background case studies reviewed. Hg levels in the Venice Lagoon were generally higher than equivalent sites, while other contaminants were either equivalent or lower. In Porto Marghera (PM) and Venice City Canals (VC), for many contaminants of interest, PM, and for some, VC sediments have the highest levels of any case study reviewed. Ranges are high, so in all cases, remedial or disposal decisions should be based upon site-specific (and preferably tiered) data. Conclusions  The use of hazard quotients makes it possible to compare screening risks due to different mixes of contaminants within and between sites, but results should be interpreted with caution. How these sites rank when compared to some of the other highly industrialized sites depends upon how data are synthesized and communicated. Actual risk must be evaluated using a weight of evidence (WOE) approach, as site-specific bioavailability and background levels will differ both regionally and internationally. Recommendations and Perspectives  Whilst there are subtle differences, the current Venice sediment classifications (A, B and C) ‘performed’ in a similar manner to SQGs in similar classes, suggesting that regions of Venice Lagoon would not be classified much differently if other SQGs such as TEL, ERL, PEL, ERM or AET were adopted. The Italian sediment quality objectives, on the other hand, are significantly more conservative than any other SQGs examined, with the exception of the Flemish Reference values. A number of European nations are considering criteria based upon contaminant levels in relatively pristine modern sites, or based upon derivations of historical (pre-anthropogenic) contaminant levels. When used as a standard, such an approach lacks discriminating power, designating almost all sediments within an urbanized or industrialized region as of concern, or even, in many cases, mandating action or prohibiting various management approaches in a large percentage of sediments. While generally based upon the laudable desire to return sites to unimpacted levels, there is a risk that overprotective criteria have the opposite effect: by designating too large a percentage of sediments as requiring management or control, limited resources may be improperly allocated. Which set of SQGs is most ‘appropriate’ for the Venice Lagoon sediments depends upon the questions being asked. However, the Venice classifications are currently being used as pass-fail criteria, without consideration of site-specific conditions. The fact that they performed similarly to SQGs in similar classes suggests that any work to develop more site-specific SQGs (with the same general decision classes) would probably not make much difference in how sediments were ultimately classified and managed unless the fundamental approach was changed from a pass-fail to a tiered and WOE approach integrated in a comprehensive decision framework. For Venice Lagoon, and for other regions, although SQGs should be developed with care, in a scientifically defensible and risk-based manner, an equally or more important issue to be addressed is their role in overall decision frameworks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Marc Babut (marc.babut@cemagref.fr)     

筼筜湖沉积物质量调查与评价

本文根据筼筜湖沉积物中重金属、有机质含量的调查结果，按现行的国家标准对其质量状况进行了评价，研究分析了沿湖各站主要污染物的空间分布和污染变化趋势，为筼筜湖的管理和进一步综合治理提供有益的参考。     

Impact of shellfish farming eutrophication on benthic macrophyte communities in the Thau lagoon, France

In a large marine lagoon (Thau lagoon, southern France) with a shellfish farming dominant eutrophication, the macrophyte communities were sampled by six transects of three depths (1.5, 2.5 and 5 m) and their characteristics (species composition, diversity and biomass) were described in relation to environmental and sediment parameters. With increasing eutrophication (total inorganic nitrogen, 0.140-0.295 mg l-1; dissolved reactive phosphorus, 0.045-0.110 mg l-1; and N/P atomic ratio, 3-22), silt fraction and shell fragments in sediments increased (12-93 and 0-65% dry wt respectively). Different types of macrophytic communities could be defined in the shallow zone (1.5-2.5 m) corresponding to four main and successive stages of degradation. A pure eelgrass stand (Zostera marina and Z. noltii) and an eelgrass community colonized by macroalgae were observed in SW sites and could be distinguished by their sedimentary features. In sites (NE) more affected by eutrophication (fine-textured sediment), available incident light determined two main seaweed communities: an Ulva rigida community, outside the shellfish tables, and a Gracilaria bursa-pastoris community in the shellfish tables (lower incident light).     

无机解磷菌对天鹅湖瀉湖沉积物内源磷释放的影响

为研究解磷菌对荣成天鹅湖瀉湖沉积物内源磷释放的影响,以前期筛选的3株无机解磷菌和表层沉积物为试验材料进行室内模拟试验,分析了不同解磷菌接种条件下水体总磷及pH、Eh等参数的动态变化,比较了试验前后沉积物各形态无机磷的含量差异。结果表明,在试验前期,各解磷菌处理水体的pH均不同程度下降,其中沉积物灭菌组和非灭菌组分别降至6.46~6.88和6.66~6.78。试验期间各处理水体Eh不断下降,结束时沉积物-水界面呈厌氧状态。灭菌条件下解磷菌的接种明显促进了沉积物磷的释放,试验后期各加菌处理水体的总磷含量远高于对照;未灭菌条件下水体总磷上升较慢且总体水平较低,不同解磷菌处理间差异较小。试验结束时,大部分加菌处理沉积物中HCl^-P（钙结合态磷）含量下降了19.92~50.08mg·kg^-1,BD-P（可还原态磷）含量下降1.81~4.19mg·kg^-1,而NaOH-P（铁铝结合态磷）未下降。研究表明,无机解磷菌的接种可明显降低上覆水pH,从而使得沉积物中HCl^-P溶解释放;HCl^-P为天鹅湖沉积物磷的主要赋存形态,在解磷菌作用下其对上覆水体磷水平的潜在贡献不容忽视。     

1987-2015年七里海潟湖湿地景观格局变化及驱动力分析

基于1987,1994,2001,2005,2010和2015年的遥感数据,运用景观生态学原理,借助遥感和GIS技术,利用转移矩阵法、湿地动态度和景观格局指数等方法对1987-2015年七里海潟湖湿地景观格局变化进行分析,并利用主成分分析法对驱动力进行研究。结果表明：1987-2001年七里海潟湖湿地总面积持续增加,之后到2015年呈减小趋势,其中自然湿地面积逐渐减少到436.66 hm2,减少了74.0%。人工湿地面积比重由13.83%上升到67.92%,面积增加到1580.30 hm2。大面积的自然湿地转化为稻田和海水养殖场,各景观的百分比变化较大,景观多样性和均匀度降低,蔓延度增大,破碎度指数从0.005增加至0.012,表明景观异质性降低,形状趋于复杂化。社会经济和人口因素是稻田和海水养殖场规模扩大、自然湿地转化为人工湿地的主要驱动力。七里海潟湖湿地景观格局变化及驱动力分析可为湿地恢复与重建、自然保护区生物多样性提高提供理论基础与技术支撑。     

海南黎安湾浮游植物群落特征及其对环境因子的响应

运用PRIMER v6分析海南岛南部黎安湾内浮游植物群落短期变化特征,通过Brag-Curits相似性测定,建立等级相似性矩阵,分别用CLUSTER,BEST分析浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系,结果表明:黎安湾内共有浮游植物48属98种,丰度范围为7.92×10~5~7.5×10~6cells·L~(-1),其中,硅藻门占总量的93%~99%,甲藻门占0~5%。优势种有小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、柔弱根管藻(Rhizosolenia delicatula)、海链藻(Tharassiosira sp.)、菱形海线藻(Tharassionema nitzschioides)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、尖刺菱形藻(Nitzschia pungens)、刚毛根管藻(Rhizosolenia setigera)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus sp.)、脆根管藻(Rhizosolenia fragilissima)、盒形藻(Biddulphia sp.)等。浮游植物种类和数量随时间出现明显变化,2014-11-03—2014-11-15,黎安湾浮游植物群落结构相似度较高,但养殖区和非养殖区之间未呈现显著差异。浮游植物群落结构主要与透明度、盐度以及叶绿素a相关;此外,浮游植物群落结构短期变化受到热带潟湖独特的环境及当地即时的气候变化影响。     

Morphology,seasonality and phylogeny of Zschokkella soleae sp. n. (Myxozoa,Myxosporea) parasite of Solea solea (L.) (Pleuronectiformes,Soleidae) from Ghar El Melh Lagoon,Tunisia

A new Myxosporea, Zschokkella soleae sp. n., was found in the gall bladder and the bile of common sole, Solea solea (L.), from Ghar El Melh Lagoon in north‐east Tunisia. This is the first record for the presence of Zschokkella species in Tunisian waters. The parasite's plasmodia are polysporic with variable size and shape. Some plasmodia appeared attached to the gall bladder epithelium while others were found free in bile. Mature spores are ellipsoidal in frontal view 13.8 ± 0.38 μm long and 10.86 ± 0.40 μm wide with two equal size spherical polar capsules 3.6 ± 0.43 μm in size. The prevalence of infection seems to correlate with host size and changes over the year with maximum percentage in summer. Based on the 18S rDNA sequence data, Z. soleae sp. n. is readily distinguishable from other myxozoan DNA sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetically, the new species is placed in the freshwater Myxidium clade including several Zschokkella spp. infecting the gall bladder. Morphology, histology as well as DNA sequence analysis indicate that the examined species differs from all previously described Zschokkella species.     

Experimental assessment of oyster transfers as a vector for macroalgal introductions

Introduction of non-indigenous species can alter marine communities and ecosystems. In shellfish farming, transfer of livestock, especially oysters, is a common practice and potentially constitutes a pathway for non-indigenous introductions. Many species of seaweeds are believed to have been accidentally introduced in association with these transfers, but there is little direct evidence.We experimentally simulated the transfer of oysters from the Thau Lagoon (France). These transfers involved increasing periods of aerial emersion and additional brine and hot water treatments. The brine and hot water treatments were evaluated as a means of reducing the probability of algal introductions with oyster transfers. Shells were cultured for 40 days in experimental tanks to identify the macroalgae likely to be introduced with any oyster transfer.A total of 57 macroalgal taxa, including 16 taxa not indigenous to the Thau Lagoon, were recorded across all treatments and experiments. The abundance of some species increased in several cases following aerial emersion. Elimination treatments (immersion in brine or hot water) significantly reduced algal diversity, with hot water treatments resulting in no species or only tubular Ulva spp. present.The results support the hypothesis that oyster transfers are effective as primary and secondary vectors of macroalgal introductions. Relatively simple changes to the transfer practice (particularly hot water treatments) are suggested as a means of reducing the risk of non-indigenous algal introductions.